- Data Types & Structures: List, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries, Strings
- Control Structures: if-else, for, while, break, continue, pass
- Functions & Scope: parameters and arguments, (*args, **kwargs)
- OOP: Classes and Objects, Inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction.
- Error Handling: try-except, finally, raise.
- List, Dictionary, and Set Comprehensions.
- Iterators & Generators: yield, next(), iter().
- Lambda Functions.
- Higher-order Functions: map(), filter(), reduce().
- Decorators & Closures.
- Context Managers: with statement and custom context managers.
- Multithreading & Multiprocessing.
- Sorting Algorithms: Bubble Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort.
- Searching Algorithms: Binary Search, Linear Search.
- Recursion and Backtracking.
- Dynamic Programming.
- Data Structure Implementation: Linked Lists, Stacks and Queues, Trees and Graphs.
- Reading & Writing Files: .txt, .csv, .json.
- OS and Filesystem Operations.
- NumPy & Pandas (Data manipulation & analysis).
- Matplotlib & Seaborn (Data visualization).
- Flask/Django (Web development).
- SQLAlchemy (ORM for database interaction).
- REST APIs: requests library.
- Web Scraping: BeautifulSoup, Scrapy.
- Unit Testing: unittest, pytest.
- Debugging: pdb, trace.