diff --git a/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.out b/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.out
+++ b/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.tx b/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.tx
index d391b59a..561ed954 100644
--- a/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.tx
+++ b/examples/picorv32/unsigned_mul.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog picorv32/picorv32.v --protocol picorv32/pcpi_mul.prot --module picorv32_pcpi_mul
-pcpi_mul_reset();
-pcpi_mul(1, 1, 1);
-pcpi_mul(1, 100, 100);
-pcpi_mul(100, 1, 100);
-pcpi_mul(33554483, 200, 2415929304);
+trace {
+    pcpi_mul_reset();
+    pcpi_mul(1, 1, 1);
+    pcpi_mul(1, 100, 100);
+    pcpi_mul(100, 1, 100);
+    pcpi_mul(33554483, 200, 2415929304);
+}
diff --git a/examples/serv/serv_regfile.out b/examples/serv/serv_regfile.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/examples/serv/serv_regfile.out
+++ b/examples/serv/serv_regfile.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/examples/serv/serv_regfile.tx b/examples/serv/serv_regfile.tx
index 50fe248c..cf85cc11 100644
--- a/examples/serv/serv_regfile.tx
+++ b/examples/serv/serv_regfile.tx
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog serv/rtl/serv_regfile.v --protocol serv/serv_regfile.prot 
-// Arguments to transaction are:
-// rs1_addr: u5
-// rs1_data: u32 (output)
-// rs2_data: u32 (output)
-// rs2_addr: u5
-// rd_enable: u1
-// rd_addr: u5
-// rd_data: u32
-read_write(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 5, 0xdeadbeef);
-read_write(5, 0xdeadbeef, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+trace {
+    // Arguments to transaction are:
+    // rs1_addr: u5
+    // rs1_data: u32 (output)
+    // rs2_data: u32 (output)
+    // rs2_addr: u5
+    // rd_enable: u1
+    // rd_addr: u5
+    // rd_data: u32
+    read_write(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 5, 0xdeadbeef);
+    read_write(5, 0xdeadbeef, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
diff --git a/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.out b/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.out
+++ b/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.tx b/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.tx
index 674f6581..ebfeb5b0 100644
--- a/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.tx
+++ b/examples/tinyaes128/aes128.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog tinyaes128/aes_128.v --protocol tinyaes128/aes128.prot --module aes_128
-// Arguments are key, state, expected output
-aes128(0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f, 0x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff, 0x69c4e0d86a7b0430d8cdb78070b4c55a);
-aes128(0x00000000000000000000000000000000, 0x00000000000000000000000000000000, 0x66e94bd4ef8a2c3b884cfa59ca342b2e);
+trace {
+    // Arguments are key, state, expected output
+    aes128(0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f, 0x00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff, 0x69c4e0d86a7b0430d8cdb78070b4c55a);
+    aes128(0x00000000000000000000000000000000, 0x00000000000000000000000000000000, 0x66e94bd4ef8a2c3b884cfa59ca342b2e);
+}
diff --git a/interp/src/main.rs b/interp/src/main.rs
index 2771c579..4947d11d 100644
--- a/interp/src/main.rs
+++ b/interp/src/main.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use clap_verbosity_flag::{Verbosity, WarnLevel, log::LevelFilter};
 use protocols::diagnostic::DiagnosticHandler;
 use protocols::ir::{SymbolTable, Transaction};
 use protocols::scheduler::Scheduler;
-use protocols::setup::{assert_ok, setup_test_environment};
+use protocols::setup::setup_test_environment;
 use protocols::transactions_parser::parse_transactions_file;
 use protocols::typecheck::type_check;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
@@ -62,6 +62,31 @@ struct Cli {
 /// $ cargo run --package protocols-interp -- --verilog protocols/tests/counters/counter.v -p protocols/tests/counters/counter.prot -t protocols/tests/counters/counter.tx -v
 /// $ cargo run --package protocols-interp -- --verilog protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.v -p protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.prot -t tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.tx
 /// ```
+fn with_trace_suffix(path: &str, trace_index: usize) -> String {
+    let path = std::path::Path::new(path);
+    let stem = path.file_stem().and_then(|s| s.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
+    let ext = path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str());
+
+    let file_name = if stem.is_empty() {
+        if let Some(ext) = ext {
+            format!("trace_{}.{}", trace_index, ext)
+        } else {
+            format!("trace_{}", trace_index)
+        }
+    } else if let Some(ext) = ext {
+        format!("{}_{}.{}", stem, trace_index, ext)
+    } else {
+        format!("{}_{}", stem, trace_index)
+    };
+
+    match path.parent() {
+        Some(parent) if !parent.as_os_str().is_empty() => {
+            parent.join(file_name).to_string_lossy().to_string()
+        }
+        _ => file_name,
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     // Parse CLI args
     let cli = Cli::parse();
@@ -107,34 +132,48 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     // Create a separate `DiagnosticHandler` when parsing the transactions file
     let transactions_handler =
         &mut DiagnosticHandler::new(color_choice, cli.no_error_locations, emit_warnings);
-    let todos: Vec<(String, Vec<baa::BitVecValue>)> = parse_transactions_file(
+    let traces: Vec<Vec<(String, Vec<baa::BitVecValue>)>> = parse_transactions_file(
         cli.transactions,
         transactions_handler,
         transaction_arg_types,
     )?;
 
-    // Run the interpreter and the scheduler on the parsed transaction file
-    let interpreter = if let Some(waveform_file) = cli.fst {
-        patronus::sim::Interpreter::new_with_wavedump(&ctx, &sys, waveform_file)
-    } else {
-        patronus::sim::Interpreter::new(&ctx, &sys)
-    };
-
-    let mut scheduler = Scheduler::new(
-        transactions_and_symbols,
-        todos,
-        &ctx,
-        &sys,
-        interpreter,
-        protocols_handler,
-        cli.max_steps.unwrap_or(u32::MAX),
-    );
-    let results = scheduler.execute_todos();
+    let mut any_failed = false;
+    for (trace_index, todos) in traces.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if trace_index > 0 {
+            println!("\n---\n");
+        }
+
+        // Run each trace in isolation with a fresh interpreter and scheduler.
+        let interpreter = if let Some(waveform_file) = &cli.fst {
+            let waveform_file = with_trace_suffix(waveform_file, trace_index);
+            patronus::sim::Interpreter::new_with_wavedump(&ctx, &sys, waveform_file)
+        } else {
+            patronus::sim::Interpreter::new(&ctx, &sys)
+        };
+
+        let mut scheduler = Scheduler::new(
+            transactions_and_symbols.clone(),
+            todos,
+            &ctx,
+            &sys,
+            interpreter,
+            protocols_handler,
+            cli.max_steps.unwrap_or(u32::MAX),
+        );
+        let results = scheduler.execute_todos();
+        let trace_failed = results.iter().any(|res| res.is_err());
+
+        if trace_failed {
+            any_failed = true;
+            println!("Trace {} execution failed.", trace_index);
+        } else {
+            println!("Trace {} executed successfully!", trace_index);
+        }
+    }
 
-    // Check whether the protocol was executed successfully
-    for res in results {
-        assert_ok(&res)
+    if any_failed {
+        panic!("One or more traces failed.");
     }
-    println!("Protocol executed successfully!");
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/protocols/src/transactions.pest b/protocols/src/transactions.pest
index 58b511e9..69eb0590 100644
--- a/protocols/src/transactions.pest
+++ b/protocols/src/transactions.pest
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ decimal_integer = ${ ASCII_DIGIT ~ ("_"? ~ ASCII_DIGIT)* }
 arg = ${ binary_integer | hex_integer | decimal_integer }
 arglist = { (arg ~ "," ~ arglist) | arg ~ ","? }
 transaction = { ident ~ "(" ~ arglist? ~ ")" ~ ";" }
+trace = { "trace" ~ "{" ~ transaction* ~ "}" }
 
-// A transactions file is just a list of transactions
-file = { SOI ~ transaction* ~ EOI }
\ No newline at end of file
+// A transactions file is a list of trace blocks
+file = { SOI ~ trace* ~ EOI }
diff --git a/protocols/src/transactions_parser.rs b/protocols/src/transactions_parser.rs
index 7799fe29..39a77760 100644
--- a/protocols/src/transactions_parser.rs
+++ b/protocols/src/transactions_parser.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub fn parse_transactions_file(
     filepath: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
     handler: &mut DiagnosticHandler,
     transaction_arg_types: FxHashMap<String, Vec<Type>>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<TodoItem>> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Vec<TodoItem>>> {
     let filename = filepath.as_ref().to_str().unwrap().to_string();
     let input = std::fs::read_to_string(filepath).map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to load: {}", e))?;
     let fileid = handler.add_file(filename, input.clone());
@@ -37,35 +37,44 @@ pub fn parse_transactions_file(
 
     // Access the `Rule`s contained within the parsed result
     let inner_rules = parse_result.unwrap().next().unwrap().into_inner();
-    let mut todos = vec![];
+    let mut traces: Vec<Vec<TodoItem>> = vec![];
 
-    // Parse each transaction
-    for transaction_pair in inner_rules {
-        if let Rule::transaction = transaction_pair.as_rule() {
-            let mut transaction_inner = transaction_pair.into_inner();
+    // Parse each trace block and each transaction within each block.
+    for trace_pair in inner_rules {
+        if trace_pair.as_rule() == Rule::trace {
+            let mut trace_todos: Vec<TodoItem> = vec![];
+            for transaction_pair in trace_pair.into_inner() {
+                if transaction_pair.as_rule() == Rule::transaction {
+                    let mut transaction_inner = transaction_pair.into_inner();
 
-            // First element should be the function name (ident)
-            let function_name = transaction_inner.next().unwrap().as_str().to_string();
+                    // First element should be the function name (ident)
+                    let function_name = transaction_inner.next().unwrap().as_str().to_string();
 
-            let arg_types = transaction_arg_types
-                .get(&function_name)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    panic!("Unable to fetch argument types for transaction {function_name}")
-                });
+                    let arg_types =
+                        transaction_arg_types
+                            .get(&function_name)
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                                panic!(
+                                    "Unable to fetch argument types for transaction {function_name}"
+                                )
+                            });
 
-            // Parse arguments if they exist
-            let mut args: Vec<BitVecValue> = vec![];
-            if let Some(arglist_pair) = transaction_inner.next() {
-                if arglist_pair.as_rule() == Rule::arglist {
-                    args = parse_arglist(arglist_pair, handler, fileid, arg_types)?;
+                    // Parse arguments if they exist
+                    let mut args: Vec<BitVecValue> = vec![];
+                    if let Some(arglist_pair) = transaction_inner.next() {
+                        if arglist_pair.as_rule() == Rule::arglist {
+                            args = parse_arglist(arglist_pair, handler, fileid, arg_types)?;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    trace_todos.push((function_name, args));
                 }
             }
-
-            todos.push((function_name, args));
+            traces.push(trace_todos);
         }
     }
 
-    Ok(todos)
+    Ok(traces)
 }
 
 /// Parses a list of arguments that are supplied to a transaction,
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.tx
index 5b0cbf35..d7dcc15a 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/add_combinational.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d0/add_d0.v --protocol adders/adder_d0/add_d0.prot
-add_combinational(100, 200, 300);
+trace {
+    add_combinational(100, 200, 300);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.out
index f991efad..02ca04ca 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.b', 'DUT.a' which do not have ass
 30 │   if (DUT.s == 32'b0) {
    │       ^^^^^ Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.b', 'DUT.a' which do not have assigned values ('DUT.b', 'DUT.a' initialized to DontCare and were never assigned a concrete value)
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.tx
index 12c78934..281169ad 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_assignment.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d0/add_d0.v --protocol adders/adder_d0/add_d0.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_combinational_legal_observation_illegal_assignment(7, 8, 15);
+trace {
+    add_combinational_legal_observation_illegal_assignment(7, 8, 15);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.out
index e9e8457d..b6878884 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.out
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ error: Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.b' which do not have assigned val
 25 │   assert_eq(DUT.s, s); // this should be illegal
    │             ^^^^^ Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.b' which do not have assigned values
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.tx
index b72dfd09..d42f3269 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_assertion.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d0/add_d0.v --protocol adders/adder_d0/add_d0.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_combinational_illegal_observation_in_assertion(10, 20, 30);
+trace {
+    add_combinational_illegal_observation_in_assertion(10, 20, 30);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.out
index af6bb99d..91c0704e 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.out
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ error: Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.b' which do not have assigned val
 12 │   if (DUT.s == 32'b0) { // this should be illegal
    │       ^^^^^ Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.b' which do not have assigned values
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.tx
index 78fdd6ea..4c287cda 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d0/illegal_observation_conditional.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d0/add_d0.v --protocol adders/adder_d0/add_d0.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_combinational_illegal_observation_in_conditional(5, 3, 8);
+trace {
+    add_combinational_illegal_observation_in_conditional(5, 3, 8);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.out
index 32e962d1..83d34e59 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: Thread 1 (`add_incorrect`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': curre
 44 │   DUT.a := a;
    │   ^^^^^^^^^^^ Thread 1 (`add_incorrect`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': current=1, new=4
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.tx
index f55750fd..fee34936 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_incorrect(1, 2, 3);
-add_incorrect(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    add_incorrect(1, 2, 3);
+    add_incorrect(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.out
index f5da2d6b..cb716a66 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: Thread 1 (`add_incorrect_implicit`) attempted conflicting assignment to '
 55 │   DUT.a := a;
    │   ^^^^^^^^^^^ Thread 1 (`add_incorrect_implicit`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': current=1, new=4
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.tx
index 13966a09..84b4bf5e 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_incorrect_implicit.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_incorrect_implicit(1, 2, 3);
-add_incorrect_implicit(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    add_incorrect_implicit(1, 2, 3);
+    add_incorrect_implicit(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_multitrace.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_multitrace.out
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efdfbba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_multitrace.out
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
+
+---
+
+error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
+   ┌─ adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot:14:13
+   │
+14 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
+   │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 10, RHS Value: 9
+
+Trace 1 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_multitrace.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_multitrace.tx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07854d8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/add_multitrace.tx
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
+// RETURN: 101
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 9);
+}
+
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.out
index 8178f4d7..767e7dd9 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 26 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 10, RHS Value: 9
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.tx
index 3014f0bb..0e86e8be 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_fail.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_fork_early(1, 2, 5);
-add_fork_early(4, 5, 10);
+trace {
+    add_fork_early(1, 2, 5);
+    add_fork_early(4, 5, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.tx
index 590853bf..640a6616 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/both_threads_pass.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
-add(1, 2, 3);
-add(4, 5, 9);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.out
index 761cd89f..a543c5e8 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 21 │     assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │               ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 999, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.tx
index bfe7f705..3024a150 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_fail.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/busy_wait.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_busy_wait(1, 2, 2, 999); // Wrong output value, this transaction fails
+trace {
+    add_busy_wait(1, 2, 2, 999); // Wrong output value, this transaction fails
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.tx
index 1c7161a3..df87db84 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/busy_wait_pass.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/busy_wait.prot
-add_busy_wait(1, 2, 1, 3);  // Runs busy-waiting loop for 1 iteration
-add_busy_wait(4, 5, 3, 9);  // Runs busy-waiting loop for 3 iterations 
+trace {
+    add_busy_wait(1, 2, 1, 3);  // Runs busy-waiting loop for 1 iteration
+    add_busy_wait(4, 5, 3, 9);  // Runs busy-waiting loop for 3 iterations 
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.out
index 16b6b59e..bddc2b05 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The last executed statement in Thread 0 (transaction 'add_doesnt_end_in_s
 39 │   fork();
    │   ^^^^^^^ last statement wasn't `step()`
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.tx
index a7ff0b30..b20af6a3 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/didnt_end_in_step.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_doesnt_end_in_step(1, 2, 3);
-
+trace {
+    add_doesnt_end_in_step(1, 2, 3);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.out
index 3178405a..67b41ecf 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.out
@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@ error: Thread 1 (transaction 'add_double_fork') attempted to fork more than once
 15 │   fork();
    │   ^^^^^^^ second fork() called here
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.tx
index 0e59459a..aa036892 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/double_fork_error.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_double_fork(1, 2, 3);
-add_double_fork(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    add_double_fork(1, 2, 3);
+    add_double_fork(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.out
index d777153b..9b436ef4 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 14 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 4, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.tx
index 2335a609..9adbfe09 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_fail_second_norun.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add(1, 2, 4);
-add(4, 5, 10);
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 4);
+    add(4, 5, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.out
index d777153b..9b436ef4 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 14 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 4, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.tx
index fe20cedf..bae9521d 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/first_thread_fails.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add(1, 2, 4);
-add(4, 5, 9);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 4);
+    add(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.out
index 0e0c58c5..b68ab374 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: Thread 0 (transaction 'add_fork_before_step') called `fork()` before call
 11 │   fork();
    │   ^^^^^^^ Thread 0 (transaction 'add_fork_before_step') called `fork()` before calling `step()`
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.tx
index a6ca997e..5bffd4ac 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/fork_before_step_error.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add_fork_before_step(1, 2, 3);
-add_fork_before_step(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    add_fork_before_step(1, 2, 3);
+    add_fork_before_step(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.tx
index b701debb..14ec302a 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/loop_with_assigns.prot
-loop_add(1, 2, 3, 3);   // assert 1+2=3 on each of 3 iterations
-loop_add(10, 20, 1, 30); // assert 10+20=30 on 1 iteration
+trace {
+    loop_add(1, 2, 3, 3);   // assert 1+2=3 on each of 3 iterations
+    loop_add(10, 20, 1, 30); // assert 10+20=30 on 1 iteration
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.tx
index cd16b841..6315bb9f 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/nested_busy_wait.prot
-nested_busy_wait(1, 2, 2, 3, 3);   // 6 inner steps + 2 outer steps = 8 cycles  
-nested_busy_wait(10, 20, 3, 2, 30); // 6 inner steps + 3 outer steps = 9 cycles
+trace {
+    nested_busy_wait(1, 2, 2, 3, 3);   // 6 inner steps + 2 outer steps = 8 cycles  
+    nested_busy_wait(10, 20, 3, 2, 30); // 6 inner steps + 3 outer steps = 9 cycles
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.out
index 181c1fd3..54efdc9c 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 14 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 10, RHS Value: 9
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.tx
index bbd980e0..5409d117 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/second_thread_fails.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add(1, 2, 3);
-add(4, 5, 10);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.tx
index 16951564..4f0c3f0b 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_correct.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 0
-wait_and_add(1, 2, 3);
-add(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    wait_and_add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.out
index 1cf5f891..c03cd41a 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: Thread 1 (`add_incorrect_implicit`) attempted conflicting assignment to '
 55 │   DUT.a := a;
    │   ^^^^^^^^^^^ Thread 1 (`add_incorrect_implicit`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': current=1, new=4
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.tx
index 509827d5..d4a44133 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d1/wait_and_add_incorrect_implicit.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d1/add_d1.v --protocol adders/adder_d1/add_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-wait_and_add(1, 2, 3);
-add_incorrect_implicit(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    wait_and_add(1, 2, 3);
+    add_incorrect_implicit(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.tx
index 81ec54f1..91a2a3d1 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/both_threads_pass.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d2/add_d2.v --protocol adders/adder_d2/add_d2.prot --max-steps 4
 // RETURN: 0
-add(1, 2, 3);
-add(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.out b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.out
index 58bc092e..ef370646 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: Thread 1 (`add`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': current=1, new=
 12 │   DUT.a := a;
    │   ^^^^^^^^^^^ Thread 1 (`add`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': current=1, new=4
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.tx b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.tx
index 07822946..0c5c16c5 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog adders/adder_d2/add_d2.v --protocol adders/adder_d2/no_dontcare_conflict.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-add(1, 2, 3);
-add(4, 5, 9);
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(4, 5, 9);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.out b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.tx b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.tx
index fc5f1692..20825157 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d1.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=alus/alu_d1.v --protocol=alus/alu_d1.prot --module alu_d1
-add(1, 2, 3);
-add(123, 245, 368);
-sub(200, 200, 0);
-and(100, 100, 100);
-or(0, 230, 230);
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(123, 245, 368);
+    sub(200, 200, 0);
+    and(100, 100, 100);
+    or(0, 230, 230);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.out b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.tx b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.tx
index 32554397..8bdb53a2 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/alus/alu_d2.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=alus/alu_d2.v --protocol=alus/alu_d2.prot --module alu_d2
-add(1, 2, 3);
-add(123, 245, 368);
-sub(200, 200, 0);
-and(100, 100, 100);
-or(0, 230, 230);
+trace {
+    add(1, 2, 3);
+    add(123, 245, 368);
+    sub(200, 200, 0);
+    and(100, 100, 100);
+    or(0, 230, 230);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.out
index 39bc4515..1e4bcfe5 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 10 │     assert_eq(data_out, dut.output_data);
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 2047, RHS Value: 0
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.tx
index b9ec6026..0d7f172a 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_bug.v --protocol=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft.prot --module bit_truncation_fft_bug
 // RETURN: 101
-bit_truncation_fft(8386560, 2047);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    bit_truncation_fft(8386560, 2047);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.tx
index d9427085..d2d02a2c 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft_fix.v --protocol=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_fft.prot --module round11_rne_unsigned_fixed
-bit_truncation_fft(8386560, 2047);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    bit_truncation_fft(8386560, 2047);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.out
index 89ecef55..34967913 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 9 │     assert_eq(data_out, dut.left);
   │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 68719476736, RHS Value: 0
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.tx
index ee78387c..4507043d 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_bug.v --protocol=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha.prot --module bit_truncation_sha_bug
 // RETURN: 101
-bit_truncation_sha(4398046511104, 68719476736);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    bit_truncation_sha(4398046511104, 68719476736);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.tx
index f59313f9..719078ae 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha_fix.v --protocol=brave_new_world/bit_truncation/bit_truncation_sha.prot --module bit_truncation_sha_fixed
-bit_truncation_sha(4398046511104, 68719476736);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    bit_truncation_sha(4398046511104, 68719476736);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.out
index 24c950e5..bfab2905 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 29 │     assert_eq(dut.valid, 1'b0);
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 1, RHS Value: 0
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.tx
index 2e197702..accaf265 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_bug.v --protocol=brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha.prot --module fsm_update_buggy
 // RETURN: 101
-failure_to_update_sha();
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    failure_to_update_sha();
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.tx
index 7bbd2a91..7604fe20 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha_fix.v --protocol=brave_new_world/failure_to_update/ftu_sha.prot --module fsm_update_fixed_gated
-failure_to_update_sha();
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    failure_to_update_sha();
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.out
index 2cf2e4f6..bb2cd5ee 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 18 │     assert_eq(data_out, dut.final_resp);
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 7, RHS Value: 0
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.tx
index 4761c12b..3340be96 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_bug.v --protocol=brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async.prot --module signal_async_bug
 // RETURN: 101
-signal_async(6, 7);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    signal_async(6, 7);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.tx
index 685bcd63..0b77dc3d 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async_fix.v --protocol=brave_new_world/signal_asynchrony/signal_async.prot --module signal_async_fix
-signal_async(6, 7);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    signal_async(6, 7);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.out
index 65fae905..c4167b0c 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 16 │     assert_eq(data_out, dut.sum);
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 5, RHS Value: 15
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.tx
index 70ebb55a..a75a4a80 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_bug.v --protocol=brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid.prot --module use_without_valid_bug
 // RETURN: 101
-use_without_valid(5, 5);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    use_without_valid(5, 5);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.out b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.tx b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.tx
index 61c7851e..dc176950 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog=brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid_fix.v --protocol=brave_new_world/use_without_valid/use_without_valid.prot --module use_without_valid_fix
-use_without_valid(5, 5);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    use_without_valid(5, 5);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/counters/counter.out b/protocols/tests/counters/counter.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/counters/counter.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/counters/counter.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/counters/counter.tx b/protocols/tests/counters/counter.tx
index 2f205364..68cd16c4 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/counters/counter.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/counters/counter.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog counters/counter.v --protocol counters/counter.prot
-count_up(10);
+trace {
+    count_up(10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.tx
index aca3b397..aca45d80 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/fifo.tx
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo.prot --module fifo_wrapper
-reset();
-push(3);
-push(4);
-idle();
-pop(3);
-pop(4);
+trace {
+    reset();
+    push(3);
+    push(4);
+    idle();
+    pop(3);
+    pop(4);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.out
index 8b9c925b..162b5fa2 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 43 │     assert_eq(DUT.data_o, output); 
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 0, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.tx
index a88c4af0..f873fd42 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_before_push_fail.tx
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo.prot --module fifo_wrapper
 // RETURN: 101
+trace {
 
-reset();
-push(4);
-pop(4); 
-idle();
-pop(3); // this line should fail since we're trying to `pop` a non-existent value
-push(3);
\ No newline at end of file
+    reset();
+    push(4);
+    pop(4); 
+    idle();
+    pop(3); // this line should fail since we're trying to `pop` a non-existent value
+    push(3);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.out
index 8b9c925b..162b5fa2 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 43 │     assert_eq(DUT.data_o, output); 
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 0, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.tx
index d70a215d..72b35041 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/pop_empty_fail.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo.prot --module fifo_wrapper
 // RETURN: 101
+trace {
 
-reset();
-pop(3); // this line should fail since we're trying to `pop` an empty FIFO
-push(3);
\ No newline at end of file
+    reset();
+    pop(3); // this line should fail since we're trying to `pop` an empty FIFO
+    push(3);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.out
index bddcdc3e..c1b37511 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 43 │     assert_eq(DUT.data_o, output); 
    │               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 2, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.tx
index a3d69597..6f817a1b 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_conflict.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo.prot --module fifo_wrapper
 // RETURN: 101
+trace {
 
-reset();
-push(2);
-pop(3); // this line should fail, since 3 isn't in the FIFO
+    reset();
+    push(2);
+    pop(3); // this line should fail, since 3 isn't in the FIFO
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.tx
index e832de41..cab2e0bc 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_identity_ok.tx
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo.prot --module fifo_wrapper
+trace {
 
-reset();
-push(2);
-pop(2);
-idle();
-push(3);
-pop(3);
\ No newline at end of file
+    reset();
+    push(2);
+    pop(2);
+    idle();
+    push(3);
+    pop(3);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.tx
index 89573579..e58825b4 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_empty.tx
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo_bounded_loop.prot --module fifo_wrapper
-reset();
-push_n_times(42, 4);   // Push 42 four times
-pop_n_times(42, 4);    // Pop four times
-check_empty();    // FIFO should be empty after pushing and popping the same no. of times
+trace {
+    reset();
+    push_n_times(42, 4);   // Push 42 four times
+    pop_n_times(42, 4);    // Pop four times
+    check_empty();    // FIFO should be empty after pushing and popping the same no. of times
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.out b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.tx b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.tx
index 284d37de..91d75f18 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/fifo/push_pop_loop_not_empty.tx
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync.v fifo/bsg_mem_1rw_sync_synth.v fifo/bsg_circular_ptr.v fifo/bsg_fifo_1rw_large.v fifo/fifo_wrapper.v --protocol=fifo/fifo_bounded_loop.prot --module fifo_wrapper
-reset();
-push_n_times(7, 3);         
-pop_n_times(7, 2);          
-check_not_empty();          // FIFO is non-empty (has one element remaining)
+trace {
+    reset();
+    push_n_times(7, 3);         
+    pop_n_times(7, 2);          
+    check_not_empty();          // FIFO is non-empty (has one element remaining)
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.out b/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.out
index b5b23005..73b368a3 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: Cannot assign to forbidden input 'b' after observing a combinationally de
 24 │         dut.b := b;
    │                  ^ Cannot assign to forbidden input 'b' after observing a combinationally dependent output
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.tx
index 625f6b79..61a04cf7 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0_combdep.tx
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0.v --protocol identities/dual_identity_d0/dual_identity_d0.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-// This test demonstrates how combinational dependency tracking should catch
-// observation-assignment conflicts.
-// The protocol observes dut.s2 (output) which combinationally depends on dut.b (input).
-// Observing s2 should forbid assignments to b, but both branches assign to b.
-// With comb dependency tracking: should error with "ASSIGNED FORBIDDEN PORT"
-identity(1, 1);
+trace {
+    // This test demonstrates how combinational dependency tracking should catch
+    // observation-assignment conflicts.
+    // The protocol observes dut.s2 (output) which combinationally depends on dut.b (input).
+    // Observing s2 should forbid assignments to b, but both branches assign to b.
+    // With comb dependency tracking: should error with "ASSIGNED FORBIDDEN PORT"
+    identity(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.tx
index 496a95d8..eb09ccfa 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.v --protocol identities/dual_identity_d1/dual_identity_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 1
-one(3);
-two(2, 3);
+trace {
+    one(3);
+    two(2, 3);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.tx
index 51051293..08d0ac83 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d0/passthrough_combdep.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d0/identity_d0.v --protocol identities/identity_d0/identity_d0.prot
 // RETURN: 0
-passthrough();
+trace {
+    passthrough();
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.out
index 860a4602..6f350a86 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 12 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 4, RHS Value: 3
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.tx
index 24fc8c77..db1cf6b0 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/explicit_fork.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d1/identity_d1.v --protocol identities/identity_d1/identity_d1.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-explicit_fork(1, 1);
-explicit_fork(2, 2);
-explicit_fork(3, 4);
-explicit_fork(4, 4);
+trace {
+    explicit_fork(1, 1);
+    explicit_fork(2, 2);
+    explicit_fork(3, 4);
+    explicit_fork(4, 4);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_err.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_err.tx
index e2b6b5d5..6e25fc2f 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_err.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_err.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d1/identity_d1.v --protocol identities/identity_d1/slicing_err.prot
 // RETURN: 1
-slicing_err(1, 1);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    slicing_err(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_invalid.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_invalid.tx
index 06a8ed0c..2f96388e 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_invalid.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_invalid.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d1/identity_d1.v --protocol identities/identity_d1/slicing_invalid.prot
 // RETURN: 1
-slicing_invalid(1, 1);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    slicing_invalid(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.tx
index dd269f4d..3451b978 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d1/slicing_ok.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d1/identity_d1.v --protocol identities/identity_d1/identity_d1.prot
-slicing_ok(1, 1);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    slicing_ok(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.tx
index a51f300c..591658ea 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/single_thread_passes.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.v --protocol identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.prot
-multiple_assign(1, 1);
+trace {
+    multiple_assign(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.tx
index 6fc54522..16b54177 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_assignments_same_value.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.v --protocol identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.prot
-multiple_assign(1, 1);
-multiple_assign(1, 1);
+trace {
+    multiple_assign(1, 1);
+    multiple_assign(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.out
index 6281ccf4..f079f960 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: Thread 1 (`multiple_assign`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': cur
 9 │   DUT.a := a;
   │   ^^^^^^^^^^^ Thread 1 (`multiple_assign`) attempted conflicting assignment to 'a': current=1, new=2
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.tx
index e97b5c1c..88833713 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_different_assignments_error.tx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.v --protocol identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-multiple_assign(1, 1);
-multiple_assign(2, 2);
+trace {
+    multiple_assign(1, 1);
+    multiple_assign(2, 2);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.out b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.out
index 49c327d2..29bc0b57 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.out
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ error: Thread 0 (transaction 'two_fork_err') attempted to fork more than once
 25 │   fork();
    │   ^^^^^^^ second fork() called here
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.tx
index 4f175d5f..12fdad2c 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_err.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.v --protocol identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-two_fork_err(1, 1);
+trace {
+    two_fork_err(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_ill_formed.tx b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_ill_formed.tx
index 0dfba0d7..2188329c 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_ill_formed.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/identities/identity_d2/two_fork_ill_formed.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog identities/identity_d2/identity_d2.v --protocol identities/identity_d2/two_fork_ill_formed.prot
 // RETURN: 1
-two_fork_ok(1, 1);
+trace {
+    two_fork_ok(1, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.out b/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.out
index b59ab5dc..ed742179 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.a' which do not have assigned val
 7 │   DUT.a := DUT.s;
   │            ^^^^^ Output 'DUT.s' depends on input(s) 'DUT.a' which do not have assigned values ('DUT.a' initialized to DontCare and were never assigned a concrete value)
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.tx b/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.tx
index 4a527b1b..8d2c6056 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/inverters/inverter_d0.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog inverters/inverter_d0.v --protocol inverters/inverter_d0.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-invert(0, 1);
+trace {
+    invert(0, 1);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.out b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.tx b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.tx
index ad63d159..ddc15528 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0/multi0.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multi/multi0/multi0.v --protocol multi/multi0/multi0.prot --module multi0 
-multi(10, 10);
+trace {
+    multi(10, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.out b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.tx b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.tx
index 75597708..1b35821b 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.v --protocol multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.prot --module multi0keep 
-multi(10, 10);
+trace {
+    multi(10, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.out b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.tx b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.tx
index fb53a658..64f0b412 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.v multi/multi0keep/multi0keep.v --protocol multi/multi0keep2const/multi0keep2const.prot --module multi0keep2const 
-multi(10, 10);
+trace {
+    multi(10, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.out b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.tx b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.tx
index 5ba85073..6b0b7aad 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2const/multi2const.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multi/multi2const/multi2const.v multi/multi0/multi0.v --protocol multi/multi2const/multi2const.prot --module multi2const
-multi(10, 10);
+trace {
+    multi(10, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.out b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.tx b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.tx
index d4777b49..2790901f 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.v multi/multi0/multi0.v --protocol multi/multi2multi/multi2multi.prot --module multi2multi
-multi(10, 10);
+trace {
+    multi(10, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.out b/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.tx b/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.tx
index 700452cf..9fac4e40 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multi/multi_data/multi_data.tx
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multi/multi_data/multi_data.v --protocol multi/multi_data/multi_data.prot 
-multi(10, 10);
+trace {
+    multi(10, 10);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.out b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.out
index b095a57b..274ce0a0 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.out
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 22 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 47, RHS Value: 48
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.tx b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.tx
index 4cbe4fe4..426c83a0 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_fail.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.v --protocol multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-mul(1, 2, 3);
-mul(6, 8, 47);
-
-
+trace {
+    mul(1, 2, 3);
+    mul(6, 8, 47);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.out b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.out
index c6eb0316..f5f6cb49 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.out
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Protocol executed successfully!
+Trace 0 executed successfully!
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.tx b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.tx
index dabd0e7d..6e5473f4 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/both_threads_pass.tx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.v --protocol multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.prot
-mul(1, 2, 2);
-mul(6, 8, 48);
+trace {
+    mul(1, 2, 2);
+    mul(6, 8, 48);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.out b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.out
index 2e83c080..7303751a 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 22 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 3, RHS Value: 2
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.tx b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.tx
index 422acf37..127b18f7 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/first_thread_fails.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.v --protocol multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-mul(1, 2, 3);
-mul(6, 8, 48);
-
-
+trace {
+    mul(1, 2, 3);
+    mul(6, 8, 48);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.out b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.out
index 25010251..b64a0b7c 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.out
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ error: The two expressions did not evaluate to the same value
 22 │   assert_eq(s, DUT.s);
    │             ^^^^^^^^ LHS Value: 47, RHS Value: 48
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.tx b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.tx
index b9d1adee..6bde8276 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/multipliers/mult_d2/second_thread_fails.tx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.v --protocol multipliers/mult_d2/mult_d2.prot
 // RETURN: 101
-mul(1, 2, 2);
-mul(6, 8, 47);
-
-
+trace {
+    mul(1, 2, 2);
+    mul(6, 8, 47);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.out b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.out
index c842c3d8..688eb263 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.out
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 Error
 error: Reached the maximum number of steps: 200
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.tx b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.tx
index a03b9863..ff74c881 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset.tx
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog ../../examples/picorv32/picorv32.v --protocol picorv32/pcpi_mul_no_reset.prot --module picorv32_pcpi_mul --max-steps 200
 // RETURN: 101
-pcpi_mul_reset_normal();
-pcpi_mul(1, 1, 1);
-pcpi_mul(1, 100, 100);
-pcpi_mul(100, 1, 100);
-pcpi_mul(33554483, 200, 2415929304);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    pcpi_mul_reset_normal();
+    pcpi_mul(1, 1, 1);
+    pcpi_mul(1, 100, 100);
+    pcpi_mul(100, 1, 100);
+    pcpi_mul(33554483, 200, 2415929304);
+}
diff --git a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.out b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.out
index c842c3d8..688eb263 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.out
+++ b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.out
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 Error
 error: Reached the maximum number of steps: 200
 
+Trace 0 execution failed.
diff --git a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.tx b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.tx
index 58e1aacd..71db18e1 100644
--- a/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.tx
+++ b/protocols/tests/picorv32/unsigned_mul_no_reset_thread_assignment_persistence.tx
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // ARGS: --verilog ../../examples/picorv32/picorv32.v --protocol picorv32/pcpi_mul_no_reset.prot --module picorv32_pcpi_mul --max-steps 200
 // RETURN: 101
-pcpi_mul_reset_one();
-pcpi_mul(1, 1, 1);
-pcpi_mul(1, 100, 100);
-pcpi_mul(100, 1, 100);
-pcpi_mul(33554483, 200, 2415929304);
\ No newline at end of file
+trace {
+    pcpi_mul_reset_one();
+    pcpi_mul(1, 1, 1);
+    pcpi_mul(1, 100, 100);
+    pcpi_mul(100, 1, 100);
+    pcpi_mul(33554483, 200, 2415929304);
+}