We have had some times in the past when there have been errors/failures reported in a phpunit test run, but phpunit exits with status 0.
I have not noticed it with phpunit7 (that is used since core 10.4.0) but have not been looking hard either!
Consider the comments in issue #550 - maybe add some code in CI that parses the output of phpunit and will make the test run fail if "bad stuff happened". #550 (comment)