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16 changes: 16 additions & 0 deletions paper/literature.bib
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -366,3 +366,19 @@ @article{RN45
volume = {9},
year = {2023}
}

@article{RN48,
author = {Schälte, Yannik and Fröhlich, Fabian and Jost, Paul J and Vanhoefer, Jakob and Pathirana, Dilan and Stapor, Paul and Lakrisenko, Polina and Wang, Dantong and Raimúndez, Elba and Merkt, Simon and Schmiester, Leonard and Städter, Philipp and Grein, Stephan and Dudkin, Erika and Doresic, Domagoj and Weindl, Daniel and Hasenauer, Jan},
title = {pyPESTO: a modular and scalable tool for parameter estimation for dynamic models},
journal = {Bioinformatics},
volume = {39},
number = {11},
pages = {btad711},
year = {2023},
month = {11},
abstract = {Mechanistic models are important tools to describe and understand biological processes. However, they typically rely on unknown parameters, the estimation of which can be challenging for large and complex systems. pyPESTO is a modular framework for systematic parameter estimation, with scalable algorithms for optimization and uncertainty quantification. While tailored to ordinary differential equation problems, pyPESTO is broadly applicable to black-box parameter estimation problems. Besides own implementations, it provides a unified interface to various popular simulation and inference methods.pyPESTO is implemented in Python, open-source under a 3-Clause BSD license. Code and documentation are available on GitHub (https://github.com/icb-dcm/pypesto).},
issn = {1367-4811},
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btad711},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btad711},
eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/39/11/btad711/53962204/btad711.pdf},
}
9 changes: 8 additions & 1 deletion paper/paper.md
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Expand Up @@ -45,11 +45,18 @@ Modeling and simulation are indispensable tools for understanding the complex na
# Statement of Need
Mathematical modeling has become a pivotal tool in biotechnological research and industrial bioprocess development, supporting the analysis and interpretation of complex experimental data [@RN29; @RN27; @RN28; @RN38]. While ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are commonly used to describe continuous biological systems, many biotechnological applications require differential algebraic equation (DAE) systems to handle discontinuities, discrete events, physical constraints, and embedded optimization criteria [@RN26].

A crucial step in the modeling workflow is parameter estimation – or in layman's terms "fitting the model". This step questions the theoretical understanding of the system under investigation using real data, ultimately leading to confirmation or falsification of the hypotheses put forward. Although several general-purpose software tools for model formulation, simulation and parameter estimation exist, they currently have some limitations: Many only support ODE systems [@RN30; @RN33; @RN34; @RN31], require substantial workarounds for biological problems [@RN35; @RN36], or – although highly capable – pose a relatively high entry barrier with respect to model formulation [@RN32].
A crucial step in the modeling workflow is parameter estimation – or in layman's terms "fitting the model". This step questions the theoretical understanding of the system under investigation using real data, ultimately leading to confirmation or falsification of the hypotheses put forward. Although several general-purpose software tools for model formulation, simulation and parameter estimation exist, they currently present various limitations for biotechnological applications, particularly regarding DAE support, handling of experimental replicates, and accessibility.

To address these limitations, we present $\texttt{estim8}$: a Python-based toolbox for simulation and parameter estimation of dynamic models. It is built on the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) standard [@RN42] and employs metaheuristic algorithms for optimization problems. $\texttt{estim8}$ provides specialized functionality for biotechnological applications, particularly in handling experimental replicates. By supporting model definition and simulation export from various FMI-compliant third-party software, including the open source OpenModelica platform [@RN22], $\texttt{estim8}$ enables comprehensive DAE support and convenient event handling.


# State of the Field

Many established tools such as pyFOOMB [@RN30], COPASI [@RN33], PyBioNetFit [@RN34],
and Data2Dynamics [@RN31] are limited to ODE systems, leaving users without native support for the DAE formulations often required in biotechnological process modeling. DAE Tools [@RN35] and ModestPy [@RN36] support DAE systems but lack dedicated functionality for common biotechnological workflows such as structured handling of experimental replicates across different contidions, and therefore require substantial workarounds. The combination of AMICI [@RN32] and pyPESTO [@RN48] offers high-performance sensitivity analysis, but poses a relatively high entry barrier with respect to model formulation, making it less accessible to domain experts without extensive computational background.
$\texttt{estim8}$ combines FMI-based DAE support, dedicated replicate handling, and an accessible Python interface to address these gaps.


# Workflow
The workflow in $\texttt{estim8}$ follows a structured approach to bioprocess modeling and parameter estimation (Figure 1). Users start by developing mathematical models using third-party software that supports the FMI standard, such as OpenModelica [@RN22]. This open-source platform provides an interactive modeling environment with graphical features and allows models to be exported as Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs), supporting both CoSimulation and ModelExchange formats. Notably, models of the SBML [@RN40] standard can be translated to Modelica [@RN11], further expanding the range of modeling tools supported by $\texttt{estim8}$.

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