Add circt_debug_* intrinsics for Chisel type metadata

[fkhaidari]

• Add compiler plugin hooks to record Chisel type/source metadata per HasId
• Introduce DebugTypeEmitter to emit circt_debug_typetag / circt_debug_moduleinfo intrinsics
• Wire up --emit-debug-type-info / EmitDebugTypeInfoAnnotation CLI flag
• Add unit, lit, and firtool round-trip tests for debug intrinsics

Contributor Checklist

• Did you add Scaladoc to every public function/method?
• Did you add at least one test demonstrating the PR?
• Did you delete any extraneous printlns/debugging code?
• Did you specify the type of improvement?
• Did you add appropriate documentation in docs/src?
• Did you request a desired merge strategy?
• Did you add text to be included in the Release Notes for this change?

Type of Improvement

• Feature (or new API)
• API modification
• API deprecation
• Backend code generation
• Performance improvement
• Bugfix
• Documentation or website-related
• Dependency update
• Internal or build-related (includes code refactoring/cleanup)

Desired Merge Strategy

• Squash: The PR will be squashed and merged (choose this if you have no preference).
• Rebase: You will rebase the PR onto master and it will be merged with a merge commit.

Release Notes

Reviewer Checklist (only modified by reviewer)

• Did you add the appropriate labels? (Select the most appropriate one based on the "Type of Improvement")
• Did you mark the proper milestone (Bug fix: 3.6.x, 5.x, or 6.x depending on impact, API modification or big change: 7.0)?
• Did you review?
• Did you check whether all relevant Contributor checkboxes have been checked?
• Did you do one of the following when ready to merge:
  • Squash: You/ the contributor Enable auto-merge (squash) and clean up the commit message.
  • Merge: Ensure that contributor has cleaned up their commit history, then merge with Create a merge commit.