📚 Resources Hub

📅 Exam Calendar

Date	Subject
7 July	🌱 Universal Human Values (UHV)
9 July	🔒 Cyber Security (CS)
11 July	💻 Digital Electronics (D.E)
14 July	☕ OOPs with Java (OOP)
16 July	📊 Theory of Automata & Formal Languages (TAFL)
18 July	📚 Operating System (OS)

🌟 Notion Page

🚀 Google Drive Resources

📄 Syllabus Download

Detailed Breakdown

💻 Digital Electronics

Unit I: Number Systems and Logic Gates

• Number systems: Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal
• Complements: 1's and 2's complement, Subtraction using complements
• Binary codes: BCD, Gray code, Excess-3 code
• Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division
• Basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT
• Universal gates: NAND, NOR
• Boolean algebra: Laws and theorems
• De Morgan 's theorems and their applications

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Unit II: Combinational Logic Circuits

• Standard forms: Sum of products (SOP), Product of sums (POS)
• Karnaugh map (K-map) simplification: 2-variable, 3-variable, 4-variable
• Combinational logic design:
  • Half Adder
  • Full Adder
  • Half Subtractor
  • Full Subtractor
  • Multiplexers
  • Demultiplexers
  • Encoders
  • Decoders

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Unit III: Sequential Logic Circuits

• Flip-Flops:
  • SR Flip-Flop
  • JK Flip-Flop
  • D Flip-Flop
  • T Flip-Flop
  • Master-Slave Flip-Flop
• Counters:
  • Asynchronous counters (Ripple counters)
  • Synchronous counters
  • Up/Down counters
• Shift Registers:
  • Serial-in Serial-out (SISO)
  • Serial-in Parallel-out (SIPO)
  • Parallel-in Serial-out (PISO)
  • Parallel-in Parallel-out (PIPO)

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Unit IV: Memory and PLDs

• Memory:
  • Random Access Memory (RAM)
  • Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Programmable Logic Devices:
  • Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
  • Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
  • Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
• Memory hierarchy: Registers, Cache, Main Memory, Secondary Memory

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Unit V: Digital Logic Families and A/D, D/A Converters

• Digital Logic Families:
  • TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)
  • CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
• Characteristics:
  • Fan-in
  • Fan-out
  • Propagation delay
  • Power dissipation
• Analog to Digital Converters (A/D): Principle and working
• Digital to Analog Converters (D/A): Principle and working

📚 Operating System - Detailed Syllabus (Notion Ready)

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Unit I: Introduction to Operating System

• Definition and functions of Operating System
• Types of OS:
  • Batch OS
  • Time-Sharing OS
  • Distributed OS
  • Real-Time OS
  • Network OS
  • Mobile OS
• System components:
  • Process management
  • Memory management
  • File management
  • I/O management
• System calls
• OS structure (Monolithic, Microkernel, Layered, Modular)

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Unit II: Process Management

• Process concept
• Process control block (PCB)
• Process states and transitions
• Process scheduling: Scheduling criteria and algorithms
  • FCFS (First-Come-First-Serve)
  • SJF (Shortest Job First)
  • Round Robin
  • Priority scheduling
• Context switching
• Threads and multithreading models

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Unit III: Process Synchronization

• Concurrent processes
• Critical-section problem
• Peterson’s solution
• Synchronization hardware
• Semaphores and Monitors
• Classical problems of synchronization
  • Producer-Consumer
  • Readers-Writers
  • Dining Philosophers
• Deadlocks:
  • Characterization
  • Prevention
  • Avoidance
  • Detection and Recovery

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Unit IV: Memory Management

• Logical vs Physical address space
• Memory management techniques:
  • Swapping
  • Contiguous memory allocation
  • Paging
  • Segmentation
  • Virtual memory
• Demand paging
• Page replacement algorithms:
  • FIFO
  • Optimal
  • LRU (Least Recently Used)
• Thrashing
• Working-set model

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Unit V: File and I/O Systems

• File concepts:
  • File types
  • File operations
• Access methods: Sequential, Direct, Indexed
• Directory structures: Single-level, Two-level, Tree-structured, Acyclic Graph, General Graph
• File system mounting
• File sharing and protection
• Disk scheduling algorithms:
  • FCFS
  • SSTF
  • SCAN
  • C-SCAN
  • LOOK
  • C-LOOK
• RAID levels and concepts

🔒 Cyber Security

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Unit I: Introduction to Cyber Security

• Definition, Objectives, Cyber crimes, Cyber attack types
• Network security basics, Cyber ethics, Security principles

Unit II: Cryptography and Network Security

• Cryptographic techniques: Symmetric and Asymmetric encryption
• RSA, AES, DES algorithms
• Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
• Digital signatures, Certificates

Unit III: Security Mechanisms

• Authentication, Access control, Firewalls
• IDS, IPS, VPNs, Proxy servers
• Security in Wireless networks

Unit IV: Cyber Law and Forensics

• IT Act 2000, Amendments
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Digital forensics process, Chain of custody
• Cyber forensic tools

Unit V: Recent Trends in Cyber Security

• Cloud security, IoT security, Mobile security
• AI in cyber security
• Social engineering attacks, Phishing, Malware, Ransomware

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🌱 Universal Human Values (UHV)

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Unit I: Human Values

• Definition and importance
• Self-exploration and natural acceptance
• Harmony in the human being: Self and body

Unit II: Harmony in Family and Society

• Trust and respect as the foundational values
• Harmony in society, Universal human order

Unit III: Harmony in Nature

• Interconnectedness in nature
• Co-existence and the role of humans in maintaining harmony

Unit IV: Social Ethics

• Ethical human conduct, Integrity, Compassion
• Social justice, Gender sensitivity, Value-based education

Unit V: Professional Ethics

• Engineering ethics, Responsibility, Accountability
• Conflict of interest, Whistle-blowing, Global issues in ethics

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☕ OOPs with Java

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Unit I: OOP Basics and Java Fundamentals

• Object-oriented programming principles: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
• Classes and objects in Java
• Java basics: Data types, Control structures, Arrays, String handling

Unit II: Inheritance and Polymorphism

• Types of inheritance
• Method overloading and overriding
• Abstract classes, Interfaces
• Runtime polymorphism

Unit III: Exception Handling and File I/O

• Exception types, try-catch, finally block
• File handling: Byte streams, Character streams
• Serialization and Deserialization

Unit IV: Multithreading and Collection Framework

• Thread lifecycle, Thread class, Runnable interface
• Synchronization, Inter-thread communication
• Java Collection Framework: List, Set, Map, Iterators

Unit V: GUI Programming and JDBC

• Java AWT and Swing basics
• Event handling, Layout managers
• JDBC architecture, CRUD operations using JDBC

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📊 TAFL (Theory of Automata and Formal Languages)

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Unit I: Introduction to Automata

• Formal languages, Grammar, Finite automata
• Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA)
• Nondeterministic Finite Automata (NFA)
• Equivalence of DFA and NFA

Unit II: Regular Expressions and Languages

• Regular expressions and their languages
• Regular grammar
• Pumping Lemma for regular languages

Unit III: Context-Free Grammars (CFG)

• Context-Free Grammars, Parse trees
• Ambiguity in grammars
• Simplification of CFG, Normal forms: CNF and GNF

Unit IV: Pushdown Automata (PDA)

• Definition and model
• Acceptance by final state and empty stack
• Equivalence of PDA and CFG

Unit V: Turing Machine and Computability

• Turing Machine definition and types
• Halting problem, Unsolvable problems
• Chomsky hierarchy